g-aulard



(NoModel.) 2 Sheets-Sheet 1.

L. GAULARD 8v J. D. GI'BBS. APPARATUS POR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OP SECONDARY BLBGTRIG GURRBNTS. l No. 297,924. Patented Apr.

(No Model.) 2 sheets-sheet 2 l L. GAULARD & J. D. GIBBS. APPARATUS POR THEl PRODUCTION ANDl UTILIZATIONOE SECONDARY ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

'APPARATUS- FOR THE PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION 0F SVECONDARY ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

-SPECIFICATION forming part of Lemtters Patent No. 297.924, dated April 29, 1884.

Application lcd March 4, 188i. (No model.) Patented in EnlandFebruary (i, IHF-l, No. 2F58.

To all, whom it may concern:

Be it known that we, LUeInN (,l-AULAnn and JonN DIXON Gines, both subjects of the'QueeI/I- of (lrcat Britain and Ireland, and both residing at 18 Warwick Street, Regent Street, in the county of Middlesex, England, have invented certain Improvements iny Means `for Producing and Utilizing Electric Currents in Secondary Circuits, (for which we have obtained a patent in Great Britain, No. 2,858, dated,l1`ebruary 6, 1884,) of which the following is a speciiication.

This invention relates to a system of generating and distributing electric energy by means of specially-constructed induction-coils; and the said invention has for its object to produce induced electrical currents in an cconomical and practical manner, (by means of devices hereinafter described,) 'for electric lighting or other purpose.

` It consists of improvements in producing induced currents from a primary inducingcurrent, whereby the said induced current can be distributed or subdivided, as desired, without incurring loss by short-ci rcuitin g the electrical generator,- as is generally the case in all known systems.

Heretofore experimenters inthe utilizing of electricity by means of induction-coils havevr used the Ruh'mkorlf coil;77 but the secondary currents produced by it could not be usefully applied. Secondary currents have also been produced by passing alternating currents through a primary circuit coiled over a part of an iron core, thus Inagnetizing the iron core in alternating directions, and thus indirectly inducing currents in the circuits, surmounting other parts of the core by the alternations of magnetization in the core. We have discovered that in order to produce practical results it is fncccssary to keep the quantity or intensity and the vibrations of the current in the primary circuit constant, and to make the variations in the electrical energy required to produce the desired result by varying the tension of the current at its source. lt has been contended, on the one hand, that the greater the number of interruptions in a primary currentk the greater the increase in the electro-motive force which acts in the secondary circuit, and consequently the-greater the increase in the tension of the secondary currents obtained; and, on the other hand, that the opposite phenomenon is produced. The numerous experiments we have made enable us to explain this difference of opinion. NVe have found that in the case of infrequent interruptions we could charge a condenser with a certain quantity of electricity, which increased when the interruption increased, the intensity ofthe primary current circulating in the inductor causing an apparent increase of resistance, due to counter electro-motive force, if the secondary current were doing the minimum work. We say apparent,7 forit the secondary circuit were doing its maximum work in a given time, a lesser counter electro-motive force would be induced. .This leads us to conclude that the more rapid the interruption the greater the tension ofthe secondary current. NVe say, then, that in direct induction, as hereinafter set forth, the tension of the secondary current-increases, first, with the intensity or quantity of the primary current; and, sccondly, with the rapidity of the interruptions or alternations or the variations of potential of theprimarycurrent. As to thcphenomcnon of induction itself, it is produced under our system by direct imluction-that is to say, the

work done is maintained constant 011 account of the presence in the primary circuit of' suincient electro-motive force to overcome-the counter electro-mot-ive force induced currents.

We will now describe,with reference to the accompanying diagrams, a method by which our invention can be applied.

Figure l is a diagram illustrating the system for distributing electric energy; Fig. 2, a diagram illustrating more in detail the connection ,by means ofan iiuluction-coil, of one of the secondary or consumption circuits through the induction-coil with the primary or generating circuit. Fig. is an end view of a cable, which may be used in forming the inductioncoils; Fig. v,4, a central longitudinal section of an induction-coil; Fig. 5, a cross-s cction of a second and preferred form of cable for forming the induction-coils, and Fig-6 'zt-diagram illustrating 110W a number of induction-coils may be employed to connect the primary and secondary circuits with each other.

produced bythe Ion' We provide a generator of electricity, (indicated at AQ so constructed and operated that the intensity or quantity ol ils currents is preserved constant, and the tension is varied to carry this current through the primary conductor a against the varying counter electro-motiveforcc, due to variations in the work done in the secondary circuits b ol' a number ot' iiuluetion-eoils, l, al'tcr the following l'ormula and deductions, promising that 1W indi catcs work, l) current, lil electro-motive i'orcc, and lt resistance. NV U16 lt ll'cithcr ol' these factors be changed, the others must be altered in the same ratio, il' uni form ell'ects in the secondary circuits in usel be desired.

li' a secomlarycircuit be closed, in a system comprising one primary and two or more secondaries,a counter electro-motive lorce acting on the primary would at once lower the current, and theI work perl'ormedin all the closed secondaries, if :ulditional equivalent electromotive i'orce be not furnished at the same time at the source of the primary current, so that under the new conditions, \V. (XE-ta) and work expended on the closed secondary (XE -|e)-C"'lt. .lhus, having established a given current through the resistance of the primary, the work expended in keeping it is expressed by Gilt. Then i'or any number a of sccondaries which may be closed, the electro-motive force necessary to keep the given current is expressed by E- |Y-nc, and the work expended on the seeondarics by U(ll-|-ne)-( }lt; the total work being CQll l ne.) l'tisknownthat in start ing and stopping a current in the coils surrounding an electro-magnet, or in those of a helix, the neighboring convolutions exert a counter force upon one another, and that the work necessary to overcome this counter force is lost, so far as useful results are concerned.- \Vith currents that are continually alternating this loss is a very serious one, and detracts very materially from the ellcicncy of the system, because theinductive actionwhich should be expended on thesecondary circuit is exerted, in a great measure, locally on the primary itself. With magneto inductive apparatus this loss is increascd,becausc the translation of the indu ctive agtion is almost entirely through the medium of magnetism. In this case the inductive action which is exerted by a primary on a secondary surrounding the primary is lost. In order to avoid this loss, we provide an induction apparatus (illustrated by the diagram, Fig. 2) constructed with aprimary conductor, c, forming part of an inducing electrical circuit, around which arelaid insulated conductors d d, forming part of an induced circuit parallel to the primary or central conductor, c, and these several conductors d of the induced circuit are connected at their terminals (as indicated at d) in multiple arc with a single wire, dz, forming part of an electric circuit for light or other purposes.

In order to obtain the most economical rcsults, certain proportions must be observed, according to established electrical laws of resistancc and of dynamic and static induction. For exa1nplc,a cable maybe formed of a central copper core, (see c, Fig. 5. t millimeters in diameter, and fifty meters long, insulated by means ol' a double coating, c, ol' parafiined cotton, and ol' six cables, d, laid parallel toits axis, each composed of eight wires about half a millimeter indiametcr, similarly insulated, by means ol' two coatings of parallined cotton. rlhc central core constitutes the inductor, on which circulates the primary current, and the exterior wires the secondary circuit, on which are developed the secoiulary currents to be utilized at dii'l'ercntpoints on the distributingcircuits. A cable thus i'ormcd may be rolled on a cylinder, of card-board or other suitable inatcrial (as shown in Fig. 4) of about five centimeters diameter, in two layers. A bundle of iron wires, f, may be placed in the ceuter of the cylinder, enabling, by means'ol' magnetic lsurexeitation upon the introduction or withdrawal ol'a cylindrical copper envelope, the graduation of the intensity of the current developed in the secondary wires. rlhe res sult of this novel system of induction is that, by separating lfrom one another the spirals of the inductor, and surrounding it with a sccondary circuit, the reaction of thcinduction of the spirals of the primary circuit on one another is wholly, or in great part,avoidcd. A considerable rcsistance,due to counter electromotive force onthe primary current, is neutralized, thus preventing the transformation into heat of a great part ol the transmitted energy; orthcinductioncoilmay be made up (as shown in Fig. 5) ol' a number of very line wires, (l, laid parallel, and with an insulating stripor thread, y, between each, they being all connected together by a weft or lacing, h, of silk or other insulating material, thus constituting a ribbon,which is laid on and firmly secured to an insulatiiig-conductor, c, for the primary current, which may be in the form of a ilat ribbon parallel with the secondary wires, which are placed on both sides thereof. Preferably, the wires d, separating-strips g, and lacing h, are woven together like the threadsof ordinary cloth,r the wires d and strips g being arranged .as the warp, and the lacing h taking the place of the Woof or weft.

'lhe induction-coils or secondary generators maybe arranged for operation as follows, and as indicated by the diagram, Fig. 6. Anumber of inductioltcoils, l, preferably arranged in groups of four columns, and made with' cables, as hereinbefore described, are placed near to one another. rlhe primaries of all the induction-coils are connected together in series, being included in the circuit c with the dynamo or primary generator. The seconda ries of as many coils as may be desired are connected in a consumption-circuit which includes the translating devices. `As shown in this and other figures, these translating devices are arranged in multiple arc. The connection of the secondaries may be in series, ind

multiple arc, or in multiple series, as may be IIO desired. The secondaries'of the two coils at the-upper left-hand corner of the figure are shown connected in series. The secondaries of the group. at the upper right-hand corner are connected in multiple are. Those of the lower right-hand group are connected in series.- The two lower coils of the upper left-hand are connected with each other in multiple are, and in series withthe seeondaries of the lower lefthand group of induction-coils. For readily altering the connections, a switch or switchboard of ordinary construction may be used. Those skilled in the art will have no dilculty in making and using a suitable switch or switch-board. Tension or quantity is thus obtained according to the nature of the eurrent required. It is evident that a system is thus organized by which consumers can obtain from a single primary circuit electrical currents of different quality or value.

The secondary generators may be placed consecutively on the same circuit, which circuit is metallieally closed with the dynamomachinc,thereby avoiding the danger ol'shorteireuiting through the secondary circuit,what ever the electro-motive force acting in the primary conductor may be, because the conductivity ot' the conductor ot' a line of even several miles in .length does not offer any dil'leulty or danger when our inductive system of high electroanotive force is used.

1. In apparatus for producing 'secondary currents, the combination, with a single primary, of a set of insulated secondary conductors laid parallel` thereto and connected in multiple are, substantially as described.

2. In a system fordistributing electricityl by means of induction-coils, the combination, with the main or generating circuit including the primaries of the induction-coils in series, of the consumption-circuits including translating devices and the secondaries of said coils, each secondary comprising a set of insulated conductors laid parallelto the primary eonduetor, and connected in multiple are, substantially as described.

3. In a system for inducing secondary currents, the combination of a number of sets of insulated conductors laid parallel with the primary, the conductors of'eaeh individual set being connected in multiple are, and the several sets being connected the one with the other, either in multiple are or in series, substantially as hereinbefore described.

4t. ln an induction-coil, a cable made of a flat conductor for the primary current, sur rounded by a number of wires or strips for the secondary currents, substantially as hereinbefore described.

5. In an induction-coil, a cable made of -a conductor for the primary current,surrounded by a series of smaller wires or strips for the secondary current, the said wires or strips being separated by threads, strips, or layers of .insulating material, and the said smaller wires or strips and separating threads, strips, or layers being connected together by insulating threads or material, substantially as hercrin before described.

ln testimony whereof we have signed our names to this specification in the presence of s-xbscribing witnesses.

` LUCIEN GAULARD.

J'OllN DIXON (MBBS.

` Vitncsses: n

WILLIAM DEARLE, WILLIAM J AMns Cos'rIN, ,Both 0]'47 Lincolns frm Fields, London. 

